C&P#79: cannabinoids for anorexia & chronic wounds + joints get more potent near the end
Majority of the US thinks the War on Drugs is not working
Hello everyone,
Welcome to the 79th edition of Cannabinoids & the People, a weekly newsletter where I collect all the new cannabinoid science. You can check out last week’s issue here & if you haven’t subscribed yet, please do. Sign up for a paid subscription to support my work disseminating all of the cannabinoid science.
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This week…
Cannabinoids for anorexia & chronic wounds
Reviews of evidence says cannabinoids don’t work for pain. But patients say they do
On the dangers of co-using alcohol & cannabis
Hemp biochar for cleaning up the heavy-metal laden Tar Creek Superfund site
Joints get more potent near the end
A lot on the harms of psychedelics & how we might mitigate them
A request to spread the word
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My work this week:
Canna-Education for CV Sciences
(TikTok:@cvsciences or my YouTube playlist 3-minute Cannabinoid Science):
Cannabis, CBD & Dreams
Flavorants, Terpenes & the Aroma of Cannabis
Cannabis Digs: The Shrine of Arad & Childbirth
Islam & Cannabis
My TikToks (@lexpelgerandhisbooks or on YouTube):
Blake's 'The Voice of the Ancient Bard
Gustav Meyrink's 'The Golem'
'The Polymath' by Waqas Ahmed
'On the Origin of the Species' by Sabina Radeva (kids book)
Proofs of Supernormal Phenomena from Murphy's 'The Future of the Body'
Why is Supernormal Phenomena Hard to Study? Examples from Mediums & ESP
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Best Of Cannabinoid Science...
Clinical
A survey of cannabis users found that cannabis intoxication was linked to highly amplified positive emotions & selectively diminished negative ones with little effects on motivation but reductions in facets of conscientiousness
Chronic cannabis use in everyday life: Emotional, motivational, and self-regulatory effects of frequently getting high
https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/qcsfb
“Notably, there was no evidence of a weed hangover. Frequent users exhibited higher negative emotions but were paradoxically more motivated. They also showed reduced self-control and willpower.”
Public health data of geriatric patients found that those with both peripheral vascular disease & cannabis use disorder saw an increased risk of stroke
Prevalence and Impact of Cannabis Use Disorder on Acute Ischemic Stroke and Subsequent mortality in Elderly Peripheral Vascular Disease Patients: A Population-based Analysis in the USA (2016 - 2019)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37871709/
A case report of someone with airborne skin allergies to medical cannabis
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis to medical marijuana
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814384/
A rare case report of cannabis smoking causing low blood prolactin levels & impaired bone mineral density
Marijuana-Provoked Hypoprolactinemia and Impaired Bone Mineral Density: Case Report and Review of Literature
https://ej-clinicmed.org/index.php/clinicmed/article/view/309
And a case report of dronabinol (synthetic THC) causing acute pancreatitis
Occurrence of acute pancreatitis in a woman treated with dronabinol: A case report
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37821311/
Reviews
For anorexia nervosa, a review of eight studies found altered endocannabinoid profiles as well as some benefits from cannabinoids but also some harms
The relationship between cannabis and anorexia nervosa: a scoping review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37858278/
A review on treating chronic wounds with cannabinoids
Chronic wound-related pain, wound healing and the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and endocannabinoid system modulation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37865988/
For chronic pain, a living review added two new trials to their ongoing summary of cannabinoids
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update [Internet]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37847805/
And a very very negative review of CBD for pain (which contrasts all the positive surveys of people using CBD)
Cannabidiol (CBD) products for pain: ineffective, expensive, and with potential harms
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37863344/
And a survey of musculoskeletal pain patients & their doctors found that while they think cannabis is an interesting avenue for pain relief, they generally see it as a last line option because of the lack of evidence
Perceptions and Preoccupations of Patients and Physicians Regarding Use of Medical Cannabis as an Intervention Against Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Results from a Qualitative Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37873024/
And to contrast all of the above, a review of cannabinoids for neuropathic pain
Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain: An Updated Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37824417/
An overview of the 588 constituents known to be in cannabis
An overview of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological implications of Cannabis sativa L.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210803323001768
Preclinical
A cool study on how a joint gets more potent as it nears the end
Inconsistency in the Composition of the Smoke of a Cannabis Cigarette as Smoking Progresses: Results, Mechanism, and Implications
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37847234/
I want to see a similar experiment for my favored ingestion method of pipes. I have a guess that the first hit takes in most of the monoterpenes & that the last hit, while still burning, doesn’t get many cannabinoids into your system because they already evaporated off.
But hell, it’s not like it matters. I don’t have anyone to share my pipe with except the spiders in my basement (who do make some crazy webs).
On CBDV helping to modulate neurogenesis
Unravelling a novel role for cannabidivarin in the modulation of subventricular zone postnatal neurogenesis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37802277/
In rat cerebellums (voluntary movement & motor skills), THC exposure showed both neuroprotective & neurodegenerative properties
Exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol leads to a rise in caspase-3, morphological changes in microglial, and astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum of rats
https://academic.oup.com/toxres/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/toxres/tfad098/7323077?redirectedFrom=fulltext
In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, a low-dose combination of CBD & THC improved spatial memory while THC-only treatment increased anxiety & depressant like behavior
Effects of Chronic, Low-Dose Cannabinoids, Cannabidiol, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and a Combination of Both, on Amyloid Pathology in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37862567/
On using hemp root beverages to as medicinal drinks
Industrial hemp root: Optimum infusion parameters for alternative extracted beverage products
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772753X23003088
In a rat model of diabetes, the terpene beta caryophyllene improved glycemia control via enhancing glucose absorption & oxidation in the skeletal muscle
Effect of β-Caryophyllene on oxidative stress, glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822828/
A computer investigation of whether cannabinoids bind to the P2X purinoceptor 4 ion channel (related to neuropathic pain, neuroinflammation & neurodegenerative diseases)
Investigating cannabinoids as P2X purinoreceptor 4 ligands by using surface plasmon resonance and computational docking
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37920520/
Where don’t they bind?
Promiscuous indeed.
An evergreen note on reading restricted papers:
First stop for seeing if there’s a free version of a paper, use the Google Scholar Chrome extension (Mac version), Google Scholar itself or try ResearchGate.
Three other helpful browser extensions are: Unpaywall, Open Access Button & PaperPanda
For the infamous backdoor, use Sci-Hub – the pirated papers repository (Chrome extension here). This works better for older paper than the stuff that just came out.
Finally, email the author. They’re almost always happy to oblige because, thanks to the predatory academic publishing system, they don’t make a dollar off of their papers.
the Headlines & Fav Articles
A majority of the US thinks the War on Drugs is not working
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/most-americans-say-the-u-s-has-lost-ground-in-war-on-drugs-gallup-poll-shows-as-support-for-marijuana-legalization-hits-record-high/
And a woman goes to board her 9th Carnival cruise, but when they find CBD gummies in her bag, they detain her & then ban her for life
https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2023/11/15/woman-detained-banned-for-life-from-carnival-cruises-after-trying-to-bring-cbd-gummies-on-board/
It's confirmed by the CDC that the death of Lorna McMurrey was because of occupational asthma from working in the Trulieve cannabis grow
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7246a2.htm
The Department of Justice makes some weak-ass arguments for why guns shouldn’t be allowed for cannabis consumers (they’re unlikely to store it properly before getting high)
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/bidens-justice-department-says-marijuana-consumers-are-unlikely-to-store-guns-properly-in-latest-defense-of-federal-ban/
And the USDA tells its inspectors to not use CBD products after an uptick in THC positive tests
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/usda-reminds-workers-to-avoid-marijuana-and-cbd-amid-uptick-in-positive-thc-tests-and-confusion-over-state-reform-movement/
NY cannabis farmers say they’re dying
https://www.syracuse.com/marijuana/2023/11/help-us-we-are-dying-new-yorks-cannabis-farmers-are-at-their-breaking-point.html
Maine reports that tests of medical cannabis products found 42% contained at least one contaminant
https://www.mainepublic.org/health/2023-11-15/state-testing-finds-42-contamination-rate-in-medical-marijuana-samples
On Chinese triads running illegal cannabis grows across rural Maine
https://www.themainewire.com/2023/11/triad-weed-illegal-chinese-marijuana-grows-are-all-over-maine/
International
Ireland opens its first medical cannabis clinic
https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/irelands-first-medical-cannabis-clinic-31449651
The use of cannabis in Germany seems to be going up & up (höher & höher)
Trends and projection in the proportion of (heavy) cannabis use in Germany from 1995 to 2021
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37816631/
Spain plagued by the same cannabis legality confusion as the US
https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/12/spains-cannabis-dilemma-mirrors-problems-faced-by-u-s-states-00125584
Top 5 countries to watch for cannabis reform: Germany, Thailand, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Switzerland & the People’s Republic of Bordeaux (our family’s newly declared micronation)
https://vicentellp.com/insights/top-five-countries-to-watch-for-international-cannabis-reform-in-2024/
The War on Drugs & the End of Prohibition
On cops killing people with ketamine
“For every 88 people administered the drug, 1 died.”
On using dark jargon on microblogs & social media platforms to evade detection & sell drugs like cannabis
Detection of Compound-Type Dark Jargons Using Similar Words
https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2023/119188/119188.pdf
A Canadian prison struggles with multiple drone drops a day of drugs
https://wakeandbakedaily.com/canada-drugs-at-b-c-prison-insane-with-multiple-drone-drops-daily-says-union-boss/
Psychedelics, Plant Medicines & Other Psychoactives
Enthea, “the first and only licensed provider of psychedelic health plans”, announces it will cover psilocybin therapy in legal states
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/health-benefits-provider-will-cover-psilocybin-assisted-therapy-in-states-where-its-legal/
A report from someone who felt depersonalized after the use of psychedelics
The Psychoactive Research
[This isn’t a deep dive into the science of psychedelics & other psychoactives like I do for the cannabinoids. If your organization would be interested in a breakdown of all the new psychedelic science, reach out to me]
A call for provisions to take care of participants after their psychedelic research trials
When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37942467/
And an analysis of people with worsened mental health after psychedelic use
Psychiatric risks for worsened mental health after psychedelic use
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr744596
And the psychiatric risks from psychedelic use
Psychedelic use and psychiatric risks
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37874345/
Brain scans of people taking psilocybin found that dynamic functional hyperconnectivity was associated with a feeling of oceanic boundlessness
Dynamic Functional Hyperconnectivity after Psilocybin Intake is Primarily Associated with Oceanic Boundlessness
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558309v2.abstract
For naive ayahuasca users, the effects on those with & without depression
A quantitative textual analysis of the subjective effects of ayahuasca in naïve users with and without depression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37949934/
In people with ADHD, how their personality characteristics affected their microdosing
Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37915796/
On tracking the psychedelic state via the dynamics of the heart
The entropic heart: Tracking the psychedelic state via heart rate dynamics
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566008v1.abstract
For ibogaine, a review of three decades of research on its utility for substance use disorders
Three Decades of Research on the Development of Ibogaine Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Scientometric Analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37927218/
A review of the other targets of psychedelics besides the 5-HT2A receptor
Beyond the 5-HT2A Receptor: Classic and Nonclassic Targets in Psychedelic Drug Action
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37940583/
In a mouse model of fear conditioning, the different effects between psilocybin & DMT
Differential modulation of threat assessment by psilocybin and DMT
https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/10892/presentation/25310
And low doses of psilocybin had different effects between the genders
Low-dose psilocybin sex-dependently enhances fear extinction in adult rats
https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/10892/presentation/25314
In animal models of nicotine dependence, the effects of psilocybin
The effect of the psychedelic psilocybin on nicotine dependence behaviors in preclinical models
https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/10892/presentation/22468
The Plant & the History
For differentiating hemp & drug type cannabis, evaluating the various analytical methods
Critical evaluation of analytical methodologies for the discrimination of hemp and drug-type cannabis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666831923000802
Growing & Farming
On optimizing your indoor cultivation efficiency using different temperatures for day & night
Optimizing Indoor Hemp Cultivation Efficiency through Differential Day–Night Temperature Treatment
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2636
Spraying kinetin on cannabis leaves resulted in increased cannabinoid & terpene content, especially CBD
Foliar application of kinetin modulates the cannabinoid content and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa L
https://www.cropj.com/deng-17-9-2023-684-692.pdf
On the effects of ion beam irradiation on cannabis
Multi-omics analyses of the effect of carbon ion beam irradiation on cannabis fructus (Cannabis sativa L.) composition
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667064X23001343
In northern Europe, the European corn borer causing damage to hemp
Widespread Occurrence of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and Damage of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Crop in Northern Europe
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10343-023-00940-2
A genome wide association study in cannabis
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT HEMP (CANNABIS SATIVA L.) GENOTYPES
https://2023.sgd.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Marjeta-Erzen.pdf
Hemp as food
A big review on the utility of hemp seed proteins
A comprehensive review on hempseed protein: Production, functional and nutritional properties, novel modification methods, applications, and limitations
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37806421/
On feeding hempcake to dairy cows
Evaluation of hemp cake (Cannabis sativa) and other hemp by-products of Greek origin and efficacy in dairy cow nutrition
https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/azibna-2023-0020
Industrial Use
On using hemp for biochar
Industrial Cannabis sativa-Hemp: Biochar applications and disadvantages
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ravindra-Malabadi/publication/374723481_Industrial_Cannabis_sativa-Hemp_Biochar_applications_and_disadvantages/links/652aa20606bdd619c48fca7f/Industrial-Cannabis-sativa-Hemp-Biochar-applications-and-disadvantages.pdf
And a thesis project on using biochar to clean up the Tar Creek Superfund site
Evaluation of Biochar Rate and Hemp Cultivar for the Phytoremediation of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil from the Tar Creek Superfund Site
https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6418&context=etd
For producing composite materials from cannabis stems, investigating the efficacy of several types of cellulose
INVESTIGATION OF SEVERAL BRANDS OF CELLULOSE SUITABLE FOR OBTAINING ORGANIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM CANNABIS PLANT STEM
https://mjstjournal.com/index.php/mjst/article/view/209
CANNABINOID SCIENCE
Clinical Trials, Surveys & Ingestion Methods
A review of the cannabinoid’s drug interactions & side effects
Clinical Pharmacology of Cannabinoid Therapeutics: Drug Interactions and Side Effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37828691/
In rat adults & breastfeeding babies, how THC & CBD moved through their systems
The Effect of Route of Administration and Vehicle on the Pharmacokinetics of THC and CBD in Adult, Neonate, and Breastfed Sprague-Dawley Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37852006/
Adolescents & Young People
A retrospective study of pediatric THC use found that it was usually employed for the most seriously ill patients, especially brain cancer & genetic diseases
Tetrahydrocannabinol in Pediatrics: Room for Improvement?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37900897/
Since legalization, Canada has seen an increase in cannabis gummies sending children to the hospital
Trends in cannabis-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations among children aged 0-11 years in Canada from 2015 to 2021: spotlight on cannabis edibles
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37872564/
In adolescents hospitalized for psychosis & cannabis use disorder, those prescribed aripiprazole had a more rapid reduction in acute psychotic symptoms than those prescribed risperidone
Program Evaluation to Aid Choice of Aripiprazole or Risperidone for Hospitalized Adolescents with Cannabis Use Disorder and Psychosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37861990/
In adolescents, public health data showed an association between cannabis use disorder & suicide risk
Cannabis use disorder, suicide attempts, and self-harm among adolescents: A national inpatient study across the United States
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37847698/
In youth, an eye-tracking study found that cannabis packages with cartoon characters, bubble fonts or gummy bears had higher appeal ratings than more boring packages
Appeal rating and visual attention associated with youth-appealing cannabis packaging: An eye-tracking experiment
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37879129/
Neurology & Brain Diseases
A review of CBD for epilepsy, multiple sclerosis & Parkinson's disease
A literature review on the therapeutic applicability of cannabidiol in epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease
https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/156076/preprint_pdf/36263b65c685df2431792402943bc98f.pdf
In a rat model of stroke, a drug to inhibit the FAAH enzyme (& raise anandamide levels) reduced the area of dead brain tissue but had no effect on motor function, memory or spatial learning
The novel FAAH inhibitor, MCH1, reduces the infarction area in the motor cortex-related region but does not affect the sensorimotor function or memory and spatial learning in rats exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37865139/
Mental Health & Substance Use Disorders
People who use alcohol first & cannabis last tended to have higher scores for cannabis use disorder & less positive outcomes
Alcohol First, Cannabis Last: Identification of an Especially Risky Use Pattern among Individuals Who Co-Use Alcohol and Cannabis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853738/
And an ethnic group study of adolescents co-using cannabis & alcohol
Recreational marijuana legalization and marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents: Differential associations among racial and ethnic groups
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870062/
And a survey of adolescent cannabis & alcohol use with its links to depression, especially for females
Depressive symptoms and alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents
https://www.scielo.br/j/pusf/a/YzDcLFNndRZPYD8s5ThMcNG/#
In a mouse model of anxiety, for those with no CB1 receptor in their intestinal lining, the males experienced increased anxiety while the females had no difference
A Sexually Dimorphic Role for Intestinal Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype-1 in the Behavioral Expression of Anxiety
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37862126/
In a zebrafish model of anxiety, the effects of the terpenes were modulated by the CB2 receptors
Cannabinoid type-2 receptors modulate terpene induced anxiety-reduction in zebrafish
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37865998/
The Immune System
In a mouse model of HIV, THC had different effects depending on the gender as well as the expression levels of HIV Tat (a regulatory protein that increases viral transcription)
Effects of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37858856/
Female-specific, Reproduction & Hormones
On how the cannabinoid receptor expression levels in the placenta might be an indicator of preterm delivery
Placental cannabinoid receptors expression might determine preterm delivery
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr741021
For pregnant people, learning about how they find & assess information about cannabis use during pregnancy & lactation
Triangulation of Information about Cannabis Consumption during Pregnancy and Lactation amidst a Shifting Policy Environment
https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pra2.912
In male mice exposed to CBD in the womb, they had glucose intolerance at the age of three months
Gestational exposure to cannabidiol leads to glucose intolerance in 3-month-old male offspring
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37855335/
The Guts, Metabolism, Oral Health & CHS
A case report of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome that included ventricular bigeminy (premature heartbeats in your lower ventricles)
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presenting with ventricular bigeminy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37858157/
The Heart & Blood
In a genetic study of sickle cell anemia patients, a genetic variant of the CB2 receptor was associated with priapism (prolonged painful erections)
ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: CNR2 POLYMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIAPISM
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2531137923003541
The Liver
In a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, feeding them krill oil helped better than other unsaturated fatty acids via modulation of the CB1 receptor pathway
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid or triacylglycerol form attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via mediating cannabinoid receptor 1/adiponectin/ceramide pathway
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37866428/
Cancer & Chemotherapy
The national cancer hotline gets lots of calls about cannabis
Understanding Cannabis-Related Information Needs: An Analysis of Inquiries to the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37856770/
And the radiation therapists of Canada get a lot of questions
Therapeutic cannabis use by patients with cancer in Canada: A national survey of the experiences, opinions and information needs of Radiation Therapists
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37827914/
Cool Chemistry & Tools
On using carbon nanodots to better deliver CBD
Exploring the Synergy of Carbon Nanodots in Enhancing Cannabidiol Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Comprehensive Review
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202310.1434/v1
Thanks.
- lex
PS: For this week’s Brazilian guitar, Baden Powell’s ‘Tristeza on Guitar’. Named after the founder of the Boy Scouts, this virtuoso of many guitar styles recorded with many greats over his decades in the Brazilian and European musical scene.
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